Neste documentário, especialistas relatam a vida daquele que foi o maior cientista de todos os tempos. “Se eu vi mais longe, for por estar de pé sob ombros de gigantes” (Isaac Newton).
Isaac Newton : A Gravidade do Gênio – transcrição inglês
it is enough the gravity doesn’t really exist and act according to the laws
which we have explained
and abundantly serves to account for all motions a celestial bodies
and Aussies Isaac neared
new shelled without any shadow of doubt the natural world his mathematical
on that you could apply mathematical loss to explain
every from tides to the falling Apple’s trees
the true cause a problem the image
was detected to be no other and light consists abrazo different for French
ability if night is unlikely very revolution
I mean body discovered now except
normal light made up different colors
this particular discovery concerning light colors
explain why the sky I there’s a
rates sows so on if I have seen further than other
it is because I stood on the shoulders joins
this was a colossus burned my facts time when they picked up
the means the works well
well runners overwhelmed with the
capacity to assimilate this
vast knowledge he was a genius
up extraordinary Cal in my understanding
things genius at that order imposes
sir Pam
us
Hey
there was little cheer to be found in England on Christmas Day
the country was at war with itself
the forces of King Charles the first to know a crumb
waging a fight for the hearts and souls on the divided have also
manner in the county of Lincolnshire the birth of a premature baby was greeted
with a sense
impending doom only three months earlier the child’s father
and and he was given little chance to live to everyone’s surprise
the frail child survived as monahan a baptized him
eyes a commute on after his deceased father and the hope of securing a more
stable future for herself and her child
an accepted offer posts with members from Barnabus miss
the rhetoric the adjoining parish north with Isaac
now only three years old was left with his crampons
but the next eighty years Isaac sold
little others mugged
on the death of a stepfather isaac’s mother returned to Los told
now financially secure Hannah made plans for Isaac’s education as a future
gentleman farmer
he was sent away to Kings Grammar School in granted
an introverted and reduce a student he made few friends
and appeared to take a little interest in his studies it
being a small boy in school he was attacked by the school bully but in
spite of his small stature
he wanted on the bullet and get the bully a thrashing so those are
incredible steely
toughness that run through him Isaac room with mister clarke
who ran an apothecary shop saying Isaacs interests and mysteriously labeled
bottles and bubbling cauldron
ones talk show them how to mix potions and gave them
accessed was bored Isaacs
favorite book became the mysteries of nature and art by John dates
a full full love recipes and schematics for mechanical towards
some he was hand building kites model windmills
and even a water Newton had discovered a refuge from the misery others
loveless only he began to excel in school
and quickly rose to the top of his class
when Isaac turned Hannah recalled him to will stop to run the farm
Henry stokes Isaacs teacher aware of his budding genius
pleaded with her to let him stay on and apply for university
reluctantly and agree
stokes star pupil was enrolled at Trinity College Cambridge
teaching in
came in those days party wasn’t space advanced or
sophisticated by Pilar Sanders I’m a student had to learn things by
themselves
I think the formal instructions from limited a
and Newton probably that much so what he did on his own
with no financial support from his mother Newton had to work his way
through college
performing mutual its another student’s indulged in the biggest social life
new many such Ste instead he pursued his unquenchable thirst for knowledge
in the course of his endeavors he came across the mechanical philosophy
remain take much everything should be thought of in terms of a machine
working parts in contact with one another
so for example the planet’s
thought to move in gigantic swirling
vortices so-so visible matter
Newton’s interest in Cartesian philosophy brought him into contact with
eyes about the
kitchen professor mathematics
and the battles general to challenge Newton was introduced to Galileo’s ideas
on motion and grabbed
Kepler’s laws a planetary motion and Eckhart’s revolutionary work can
algebra Shama tree
dormitories concern itself with shapes triangles and
but they called it was too regimented organized decide everything can be done
by measurement
I’m chemical calculation
the study of Descartes algebra chains Newton’s life forever
he fell in love with mathematics of little interest to show
and Daley college life was now subsumed passionate frenzy after
and one year from to
for he taught himself everything that was known about modern mathematics
in New the problem set the best mathematicians and the age group of
he knew that he was better than any up them
I think at that point he set himself apart
from others you have to bear in mind that Newton
was not a man and found social relations easy and I think he found mathematics
as annette %eh in which she could live in
Newton got his b-day and wanna graduate scholarship to continue his studies
the following year plague struck
came the university was closed and the return to forestall
except for a short visit back to Cambridge
you close to spend the next months at home
working completely alone in that time he made revolutionary advances in
mathematics and optics
as well a starting work on his greatest achievement
the laws reputation
you want us to believe that as he watched that Apple for
he realized that the following up the Apple
and the motion of the Moon must be similar phenomenon
there is however no real evidence
that new had that advance notion
until quite a bit later he sets the date of
for his discovery to assure that he would get sole credit for his later work
and the pioneering days of th century science
the means of staking claims to discoveries was to publish
something you turn was very reticent to and later regretted
he want to concerned with publishing make it available to other people
I’m getting go if we don’t say he was intellectual challenge
but he wanted to deal with it wasn’t as mathematical work and will stop that
Newton’s failure to publish was most regrettable you’ve made a number
brilliance discovers in mathematics most notably calculus
but you can call functions
invention of calculus was a major breakthrough mathematics
loving measurement of continuously change in motion and the areas of
complex shapes
others returned to Cambridge in
you showed a copy of his work in mathematics to rise about
at about two years have diplomatic prodding
to get Newton two writers first paper the analysis
although Newton did allow a select group mathematicians to see his work
is to refuse to publish
there who discover using way had
to aspect first new
made the discovery and second other people had to discover
made the discovery
apart from his groundbreaking work in mathematics and is growing appreciation
for the laws of gravity
Newton also applied himself to the study of likes
a bowl the mysteries of nature lights and come up with the most fascinating to
scientists at that time
Newton decided to approach the problem using experimentation and observation
a method of inquiry suggested by Francis Bacon and the th century
find it will stop he bought a prism to observe the phenomenon of Commons
having dock and my chamber made a small hole in my car still at a convenient
quantity
the sun’s light
placed my prism its contracts Isaac Newton
what he did first overall
mister find out as far as he could
why the colors are produced the using an exhaustive series of tests
he finally whittle down the possibilities to complain
that quite slight consisted of Raza different kinds
color was a property lights not
Oct this particular
discovery concerning light colors explain why we see color objects
most important noble he came to recognize
that since alone uses like to prisons one on top of the other
they’ll be call fringes
or different refraction colors
so we decided they will telescope in which the magnification was not produced
by a big plans
but by Europe Newton constructed the entire telescope I hand
including grinding the concave mirror in
word of the invention I was reflecting telescope reached Royal Society
an invitation was sent out to Newton to demonstrate low Newton was flat
he built a second telescope and headed hand-delivered to punt
it was enthusiastically received
Newton was a me to go to the member
Rio timberg secretary of the society wrote to Newton
requesting permission to register the invention no
rare moment of expansiveness Newton readily agreed
and asked if she could submit a paper might
was the first publication revising usual it’s the first great scientific
discovery
to be published in a scientific journal it’s the first
great breakthrough that doesn’t have any discussion
in it up the nature of the divinity the creation of the world
general metaphysics it’s a straight scientific paper
expecting discussion to focus on his experiments
Newton was Angus to hear only likes to fish
ticularly infuriating with a common some Robert Hooke the recognized leader in
the field
that Newton had borrowed from his work micrograph
when new discoveries cousin science
scientists don’t throw away all that cherished beliefs
Olean storybooks does that ever happen
what they rather do was to see whether
they can find fault with the you
presentation
the first important discovery of the modern scientific
era using experimental procedures was met with ridicule among the brightest
minds at this time
Newton who hated controversy was so disheartened by the criticism
but he shelved plans for publication on this work
in calculus
frustrated by the lack of appreciation for his work
he found never to publish
I see I have made myself a slave to philosophy
I will resolutely bid adieu to a two-term Lee except what I do for my
privates expected
Isaac you
it would be nine years before he would reemerged shake
very foundations questions
in
Newton succeeded Isaac baroness to cation professor of mathematics
as part of the requirement for the post Newton was to be ordained a minister in
the Anglican Church
you from being used an approach this problem in a very typical
minor extensively i the saying yes or no
he decided he would read up on it
in his studies a verdict Christianity Newton became convinced that the
doctrine of the Trinity was a fraud
perpetrated in the third and fourth century
he never F put about meeting this in public it would have cost him his office
bearing in mind was he was a professor at the College of the Holy Trinity
in Cambridge so you could hardly really come up with anti Trinitarian statements
that he was set to resign his post
when he received a dispensation and is a measure the depth of Newton spiritual
beliefs
but he was willing to abandon all he held dear rather than compromise
his belief in God was the very basis absurdist
he was bon
months after his father da
in the stakes on extorting
passion quest fun knowing
his father’s will the father whom he never
understood guard is the fall
God hands will and it is his
t to search I’ll will
Newton’s gone was a personal a creator who was not only over the world
but apart a rational God revealed himself and the workings of nature
the mechanical philosophy of Rene Descartes
had removed gone nature something new tunes found a part
returns to alchemy the hope for finance
Newton increasingly became worried
about materialistic atheistic
implications mechanical claw shipping
much looking for and natural philosophy spear
rather than matter would be
at the center the world my understanding
happens ok me that he found that in the closet
a whole
alchemy was as old as civilization
ascension
it was the study of natural manage a search
for the spirit and matter this spirit manifested itself from physical change
such as fermentation milk cheats the curative properties have
burbs for in the transmit a shiner metal alchemy
is concerned with manipulating what was seen to be four elemental properties in
nature
the four elements for far more and
realizing that these things may all substances but you could therefore not
only makes
any other substances such as girls but you could also
somehow learn the secrets by which God had put the world together
these secrets were revealed only to those who could decipher it arcane
language and imagery
as found in the works of other alchemists such as
for maize chose ministers Athanasius Kircher
Michael mines Newton believed
that he had been ordained to use his god-given genius
to reveal this most buzzed he was looking for go
he was looking for any particular substance he was looking for
the wisdom which the Al chemical practitioner believe that you
gained want you had learned how much was composed
it walls almost a metaphysical activity in Newton purchased two furnaces
and converted part of his quarters at Cambridge into an abort
throughout the sixteen seventies and eighties
with the help of a servant humphrey Newton he worked
long into the night pump you for him to be a man
test
so serious upon a star DC-eight very sparingly
many of times he forgot to eat it all he rarely went to bed
till two or three o’clock the fire scarcely going out night today
be sitting up one night as I did another telly finished his chemical experiments
i’m for you could
as intense as work was in alchemy
mathematics and physics it pales in comparison to his studies in theology
it
interpretation of Scripture in the th century
is easily as important fall
intellectuals as science what’s
it seems difficult for us to understand
that on this interpretation the hold me
the fixins
depends because group prophecy
good other troops
that has been revealed
to what
and they’ve been shown to be true
you want to know what the real meaning was have the book of revelations
apocryphal test
and the book of Daniel in the Old Testament what was meant by the
reference to the horror
babble he came to believe that there were ancient sources of wisdom
and that the way to get the iOS was not through
spiritual and mystical experiences but by analysis of the texts
like many men of his generation
Newton sorts that mankind in ancient times have the wisdom that had been lost
over the centuries
he believed that his discoveries in mathematics and physics
had been known to the ancient Greeks he sought by Ferguson the ancient
and their numbers the belief that numbers lay at the heart of all things
as the real founders a all rational knowledge and
Newton became convinced that pythagoras had accumulated this wisdom from a
meeting with the Old Testament patriarch Moser’s
in Seatle to accommodate this historically
Newton began compiling the chronology of the ancient king
popped up this scripture interpretation
was to develop a whole system a chronology
re dating the history of the world
pushing the history grease fire
years on the way
in his extensive study of Scripture he was convinced that in three chapters of
the book covers each year could be found
the dimensions of the temple of some
he was back and forth between growing and the taxed
I insisting that the text
had to refer to a possible construction
then from the material necessities
the construction correcting the text where as needed
all at this as an effort to reproduce
the true original temple abortion
at all but the army people right back our
accused you at the heart of all Newton’s work was the convictions
that a rational gaunt and made a rational universe
whose laws could be discerned by analysis and mathematics
I would say that for him
the world is God writing
himself on the universe
as history
the history means there is a succession
up events band
the succession up events salt to
gaunt personal relationship with me
as a shell chemical experiments let him deeper into the search for the spirit of
nature
as understanding a mathematical and physical
nature more profound
approaching was a time
when you would make the divine master plan the system
Hey
Newton loved his mother even though she never understood as James
her death in June saw the passing up new tunes
only human nations all that was left
was his work
by dutifully attending to her last wish is that whilst
Newton was reflecting on a recent correspondence concerning astronomy with
his arch-rival
robert hall book said have you thought I love
explaining the motion of planets according to my hypothesis
which is that’s the planets move on
along the Tanger but there’s a force that draws them toward the center
Newton court all at once the
ok at a a brilliant idea
it was now that the significance of the following Apple
cannot help
his interest in astronomical matters was further heightened by the appearance of
Commons
and popular folklore comets were omens
but two astronomers like new they were merely aberrations
seles too much
but all astronomers were looking for was a mathematical explanation for Kepler’s
elliptical motion of planets
in Robert ok Christopher Wren and Edmund Halley met at a coffee house to
discuss
possible mathematical solutions to Valley
call that are Cambridge there was this
absent minded professor never publish very much
a smart man maybe he had theirs
so i’ll reword the last new
worry probably ask was if a planet moves
inner lips what kind of force
is operating a new handset infers
where force how is so how do you know that
News said I’ve proved how he said
okay let me see the proof
well news and went through a kind of Tara diddle
charade of some kind and so i cant find
and howard said we’ll send it to me
because it would be very important
a few months later Newton centre short paper called
on the motion evolving
how realized that this to the Holy Grail
everyone had been looking for
ever since Kepler had devised
the modern system in the world ever since then people wonder
what kind of force could hold that thing together and make it go
in using founded how could you couldn’t believe it he rushed back to Cambridge
in said
this is extraordinary you’ve got to write this up in more detail
and
put it in the records the Royal Society to guarantee your priority
how he was keen that Newton should write a book on his desk
as the Royal Society was short of money he offered to pay for it themselves
it was an act of generosity for which future generations of scientists
be forever grateful howell et
walls a great diplomat how I had the self-confidence
the natural flair and
the show social some equal rights which we call it
to just humbling well as a result of this
they formed a relationship that lasted best part of a century old
Newton have come to realize start the application of this discovery could
possibly have
white contacted John fam stood at the Royal Observatory to supply him with
data on celestial much
Newton seems to have realized
in the revision a this
track de moto on motion that if the Sun is
pulling on the earth to keep it civil
the earth was below the soil and laws
and birth question track one another and Mars and Jupiter
group Jupiter a nuisance realizes he says that
this problem is so complex that he didn’t think the combined
mathematical power of the human race was sufficient
to deal with
the Principia which he later wrote is a collaboration
have how you deal with that problem
in the Principia was published
acknowledging his love ancient Greeks old the book was structured as a
classical treatise on the total argument in large
the mathematical reasoning was largely in Euclidean geometry
the geometry of the ancient Greeks
but they have to alter you is needed dominated P wanted to draw a picture
country hope it’s want to see the cabin want the dog attacked
anyone to prove things about it by doing triangles and areas
at because I thought that was closer to the actual physics the book opens with
definitions and mouse
types of forces and a Nash each presented in a radically new lines
using these definitions he postulated to three laws of motion
on these three laws you can construct a tus framework for dynamics and celestial
mechanics
the bases modern science
using his laws of gravitation a measurable data he described
the structure of the universe he showed how to find massive planets
hi the earth is flat at the polls and why there is a Bhoja you quite
how the tides the precession of the equinoxes
and emotional Commons new tunes
principia is generally reckoned
to be the single most important scientific book
have arisen and published people
attribute this singular importance
to the Principia because for the first time
it set forth a working
quantitative exact
mathematical system based upon experiment
and critical observation I know of no other
work which had so profound effect
upon the very nature of science itself
in the Principia Newton given no explanation for what gravity wall
only how it worked to the followers have to cart in Europe
such as gottfried leave knits the introduction of gravitational forces
working at a distance
seems like a disguised version many people think
seen too many side
to support you Wednesday was bringing back country new
didn’t know what competition was he admitted did not gravity what’s
we don’t know what properties today but what we do
is and knowledgeable more static final Int on this was a major break
in the development in Western science
above all YouTube showed time
was in caps want
knowing what happened at one and it was possible to calculate what happened at
another
events were determined
this discovery initiated and new era and Western told
one in which man would use the laws of nature two controllers test
the publication of the Principia and it forever
sums he was now the most famous scientist Andrew
just tryout with publication in Newton had already attracted the
attention at the English ruling class
the king of england James the second was a Catholic
and keen to return to England to Catholicism James saw
to bring about this change by confronting best Parsons
cambridge university was ordered to confirm a degree in a Benedictine monk
father album France
Newton who bowls a fiercely moyle protestant
and also a man of great courage and great personal integrity
with the man who more than anybody else whipped around Cambridge University
to stop them what you might call compromising and she shall
about what they should do this or do that and Newton became effectively
the leader opposition get the granting the beat warm front
the overthrow of King James by William of Orange put an end to the Met
Newton’s leadership role and in the election
as member of Parliament for Cambridge he was party to the passing
on the bill of rights and an honored guest to the coronation William and Mary
she was introduced in became friends with the movers and shakers in politics
and society all this what about a change in Newtons person out
before that time we find the Shire eclipse
after at the man who increasingly enjoyed public fame
he enjoyed being a famous man having disciples from all over European joint
having
ministers of state falling upon women offering him hi opportunities
the trappings of Fame required a public office to go making you serve as new
friends and previous contacts from Cambridge
the campus for the post but not suitable as of
waiting for an appointment using assumed the role of scientific elder to aspiring
young mathematicians with one of these aspirins fascia that we aim
he formed his one and only emotional relationship
I don’t mean was interested in sex quite simply he was not a man who was
interested in the physical damage control
and I think his relationship with fatty all walls
what would call and intellectual friendship in fattier
Newton sold affections of himself as a young mathematician he also admired the
ease with which fattier moved about in society and fat you decided to move back
to the continent
you to not ask him to step his absence caused you to reflect on his inability
to get a post
as difficulties in dealing with people in late
Newton had a nervous breakdown there’s no doubt
whatever
that he had free
we do have to insane matters compacted
be called anything insane matters
out John Locke a and samuel peeps
to John Locke sir being that the opinion that you endeavor to embroil me with
women and by other means
I was so much affected with is that when one told me you was sickly
and would probably a I answered better if you want did
Isaac Newton when word got around
something was wrong with him
during this crisis at the nineties
peeps rolled notes
I’m afraid that something is happening
tool that
bring is mine
one race out to augment breakdown
texting as a permanent break
bad
Newton recovered quickly but he was never again to achieve the brilliance of
his earlier years
eventually a post was found
in was made water at the mint
tower upon
the letter that a point chair makes it clear that the appointment
was being offered to Ms sinecure no one no
really expected him at to involve himself
yeah and the affairs at Butner
was incapable of doing anything by half
Newton was given the job over we
coining the entire British currency but it may sound
or to give this guy a great astronomer mathematician but
balls in many respects very appropriate it was concerned will
purity was concerned with the techniques for mechanically manufacturing
koreans it was concerned with being able to make standardized wat submits
metal what something which concert with mathematics we often think today but
scientists are other subheading the cloud
Newton themselves an extremely efficient runnerup organizations
and keep totally overhauled the mint unity to form a successful
government department low
despite is a claimant success Utah still
and unhappy man
he was known to have lost only once in his life
when asked what possible use so much a good day
other living at the center of a vibrant social life in London
really entertained and never managed
its X that %ah in is got it
he lives with X it doesn’t the with human
the said
Newton’s performance at the mint joining the rico image earned him a promotion to
master
mint in a post he held to his death
and which gave them considerably more leverage with the political elite
and green an assumed the throne in
Newton ingratiated himself by minting a special call
green and travel down to Cambridge tonight unfinished work consigns
sir Iza U-turn was now the most famous now
and print
upon the death of Robert Hopkins
Newton was voted president of the Royal Society this first acts was to
obliterate
all references to
Newton then began process of moving the society
and his each had to force his personality
at the courses scientific standing week
wait and in many ways he could be said to be the first
major scientific political figure nowadays even
granted that sides advise governments on both who put up the first
scientist of that caliber and his best little sided was is
perform that role
the following year be published through the society has worked
the book was a refinement others earlier paper on lights
unlike us first light it was received
without the world have criticized
as an appendix he published as early papers comes
as well as a section called queries these
where general assertions about the order
nature which he was convinced work
but which nevertheless he did not pretend
he could straight be crew to some extent and they are programs
are for investigation
for others
Newton now they had plans for a second additional the Principia
to update the data he needed new astronomical reading
over dinner with John fast Newton offer to publishers work on celestial
observations
lapsed refuse went on fine she was appointed
as the head the whale observatory at greenwich in
he was given virtually no resources all money to do his great product observing
that helped
he therefore felt very annoying when Newton assumed
that he should start handing observations over to him because
effectively they were observations painful out from his own pocket
not to be denied Newton convinced Prince George to fund the publish
which Newton of urge to oversee of
slams to to
you
when the results were delivered the new an intern his hands
you can do nothing about it transgene became increasingly irate and angry
in general if a buddy betrayed he felt that he was quite simply
victim Newton’s autocracy and the real
blow to friends who came in when
Newton actually got howell et to publish
aversion a from steeds cattle his lifetime subdivisions
without trans teens permission now this fall’s in many ways
and absent attack on trance tunes integrity and he loathed Obama native
howell et
as the man who actually make that possible
the second addition to the Principia came out the following year
all mentions a fam steed edited out
Newton now returns to was work on calculus
in his younger days newt not shied away from conflict
as an old and powerful man impressed the controversy had been brewing since
leaving it’s published his work
calculus in
up till now you can had allowed his admirers two defenders piled
sheet now took over the reins
through his devoted disciple see began a systematic attack
he released his early work and us personal correspondence with the Mets
to justify claims that the German and stolen has discovered
to resolve the dispute Newton suggested that a committee be formed to
investigate
we now know from the manuscripts using Road the first draft
for them when the thing came out the
program law review occupying some twenty or thirty pages
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
but this was published anonymously so
using didn’t behave about things the way ordinary people do
vb.net star-times a broken
ok but ceased to exist trams to die
for the publication others lives world
in the last years at Newton’s life he received a never-ending stream of praise
and deification in Europe Volterra just followers
idolized minute and I in
he was given the pump and circumstance a distinction
for a change
he was better timid royalty in Westminster the poet Alexander Pope
composed to set a time nature run night show small head
and nights God said net neutron beam
and old light
the sent to the came after from eighteen hundreds
we fined for fascination with science with order
and with reasoned knowledge really sets the whole tell me about culture
the one single figures from whom they drew most deeply
walls in fact Isaac Newton
his major work the Principia has become too science with the mona lisa is too
it is the masterwork the pinnacle of scientific expression
three
mission
in the th century mankind’s greatest achievement
space program is also new toni & Sciences
greatest trial professor shunned risk a
Nobel Prize winner for Astrophysics summed up Newton stature in science this
every time I looked at what you can do
I feel like a schoolboy admonished by as must
I do not know what I may appear to the world but to myself
I seem to have been only like a boy playing in the seashore diversity myself
now finding a smoother pebble pretty a shell
an ordinary other great ocean truthfully
undiscovered
old
